Author: Targetedreadingintervention.org

Kindergarten is a crucial milestone in your child’s education. It is the first year of school in which they learn social and emotional skills, as well as academic ones.

They learn about the world around them and how their families are a part of it. They can identify the different parts of their bodies and understand basic life cycles, like those of a frog or butterfly.

Social and Emotional Development

People often think of kindergarten as a place where kids learn their ABCs and 123s, but social and emotional development is just as important for children’s academic success. Students who exhibit appropriate behaviors in class and are comfortable learning with peers are more likely to be successful.

Children can practice developing social-emotional skills at home by reading books about characters that they can relate to and by role-playing. For example, ask your child to identify and name their emotions, and then have them role-play how they might respond in certain situations like asking someone to play.

Another way to promote social-emotional development is by modeling polite behavior. For example, have your children practice saying please and thank you throughout the day. This helps develop focus and concentration, which also leads to better academic outcomes.

Language and Literacy Development

In kindergarten, children’s literacy development expands to include more formal reading instruction and written language learning. This supports their increasing receptive and expressive language skills, their growing understanding of the differences between spoken and written languages, and their ability to make connections between texts and real-life experiences.

They also develop their phonological awareness, which includes knowing the names and sounds of letters and their corresponding symbols. They start writing their first and last names, as well as simple words like “car” and “cat.” Children in kindergarten are introduced to basic math concepts like counting and adding small numbers.

A child’s early literacy experiences lay the foundation for a lifelong love of learning. Children who have strong language and literacy skills are more likely to excel academically and approach new challenges with confidence.

Math and Science Development

Children have a natural interest in math, and long before they enter school they spontaneously explore many aspects of the subject in play and daily activities. Effective teaching requires knowledge of math content, the ability to ask meaningful questions and a range of appropriate assessment strategies that are tailored for young children.

But as with literacy, much greater energy, time and wide-scale effort is needed to improve children’s math skills. Currently, too little attention is focused on this goal: Many early childhood classrooms are devoid of significant math learning experiences. And even when these experiences are present, they may lack coherence and depth. Similarly, too few classrooms offer science learning opportunities that are suited to young children’s cognitive potential. The good news is that there are promising strategies for providing this help.

Creative Arts Development

Engaging in creative arts stimulates various areas of a child’s brain, promoting cognitive development. For example, deciding how to represent a tree in a drawing requires thinking critically about the different parts of the tree and what each part looks like. The decision-making process associated with art activities fosters problem-solving skills that can be transferred to other subjects, such as math and science.

In addition, creativity supports language and literacy development. Children’s vocabulary expands as they discuss their creative work with adults and peers. For example, a child may describe her drawing by describing the colors she used and what she was trying to capture on paper.

Teachers can support creative expression by creating a dedicated art space with a variety of materials. Providing children with open-ended opportunities allows them to experiment freely.

Technology Development

The use of technology in kindergarten education aims to improve learning outcomes, assessment, and student achievement. It also aims to promote equity and inclusion, by providing access to educational resources and opportunities for children from all backgrounds and abilities.

Kindergarten technology includes a wide variety of tools, from computers and software programs to tablets, camcorders, and voice recorders. It is an essential part of a child’s technical literacy, and it provides exposure to resources that will be useful for the rest of their lives.

However, the use of technology in kindergarten education presents several challenges and risks. It can affect children’s mood, self-esteem, and motivation, as well as their creativity. It can also raise ethical concerns about privacy, security, and ownership. The use of kindergarten technology needs to be accompanied by appropriate guidance, support, and oversight.

Reading intervention is a process that helps students progress toward literacy. It is usually a part of a school’s multi-tiered support system.

Reading interventions should include explicit instruction and supportive scaffolding with a straightforward approach to learning. They should target the five core aspects of reading: phonological awareness, phonics, vocabulary, comprehension, and fluency.

Phonics

Students with learning disabilities often have a phonics gap, which is why they need explicit, multi-sensory phonics instruction. Many phonics programs follow a scope and sequence, starting with the alphabet and moving to sounds, letters, and words. Other phonics programs teach a multi-sensory approach, like Orton-Gillingham, which is typically delivered one-on-one by trained teachers.

When planning a strong phonics intervention, teachers must consider the students’ individual needs and determine which skills they need help with. Teachers can use a universal screener or standardized assessments like MAP/NWEA and iReady to identify the reading skills each student has trouble with. Once they have these areas of need, teachers can assign them to a group for phonics.

Teachers should also consider the impact of a student’s verbal memory on their progress with phonics, as this can have an effect on their decoding and word reading abilities. Our research with students with ID has found that lower verbal memory is associated with less progress with phonics-based interventions.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary is the knowledge of words in our language and is a critical component of reading. The words that a student knows form the foundation of comprehension, but in order to read well, a student must also have an understanding of higher-level grammatical concepts and morphology (Florida Center for Reading Research Glossary of Reading Terms).

Students learn vocabulary both indirectly, through daily engagement in oral language and listening to adults read to them, and explicitly, through word learning strategies such as simple definition, synonyms and antonyms, models, good examples and bad examples, and pictures. Students must encounter a new word many times in multiple contexts before it is firmly anchored in their long-term memory, as described by Stahl (2005).

Vocabulary instruction should include both academic language, or “bricks” (words students are likely to find in textbooks and on tests) and connecting words, or mortar, that provide additional meaning across texts. The 5CCL Activity Library contains many resources to support students with building and expanding their vocabulary.

Comprehension

Reading comprehension is a complex cognitive process that requires an individual to analyze, integrate, and construct mental representations of written or spoken text. This includes tracking the connections between ideas and recognizing the intent of authors. It also involves assessing whether a given piece of information aligns with or adds to what you already know, or offers a new viewpoint or perspective. Comprehension also involves understanding text structure and organization, including genre features like pacing, narrative conventions, and figurative language.

Teaching comprehension strategies often begins with a focused and explicit teaching of vocabulary and decoding skills. However, a large body of literature shows that this initial instruction may be too focused and results in the neglect of important instructional goals such as predicting, questioning, clarifying, and summarizing. Moreover, this approach can be counterproductive to students’ overall development because focusing on these foundational skills can actually make it harder for children to acquire the higher-order literacy abilities that are essential to comprehension.

Fluency

Fluency is a reading skill that allows children to process word recognition and comprehension effortlessly. Most kids first become fluent by late second or early third grade, but they each develop their fluency at their own pace. Reading fluency is best taught by having kids do a lot of reading at their appropriate reading level. Using a stop watch to time them helps them see their progress and feel motivated to keep going.

Many studies have shown that Repeated Reading (RR) improves fluency for students with dyslexia and/or reading difficulties. It is a highly effective intervention for improving fluency rate and accuracy when the passages are easier than the students’ current grade level and when they are given explicit model-reading and performance feedback.

One of the most popular strategies for implementing RR is pairing students based on their reading ability and having them take turns repeated reading a passage to a target fluency goal. Adding in the use of a passage preview and/or a goal setting procedure also enhances outcomes.

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Education is one of the most important things in a child’s life. It allows them to learn critical skills that will set them up for success in the future.

Education nurtures a child’s cognitive, physical, social and emotional development. It promotes learning through interactive experiences that connect with children’s home and community settings.

Learning to Think for Yourself

Think for yourself is a key part of learning how to navigate your life. You need to be able to make your own decisions and work through challenges without feeling overwhelmed or giving up.

To help your child learn to be independent, you need to teach them how to think for themselves, from an early age. This might mean teaching them how to resolve conflicts or settle disagreements on their own, and encouraging them to use their imagination for problem-solving.

It’s also important to give your children the tools they need to be able to talk about their own thinking processes, such as the thinking routines taught in Nord Anglia schools. These easy-to-remember, transferable words and phrases encourage pupils to describe what they are thinking, which helps them articulate their ideas and support collaborative problem solving.

Another way to help your children learn to think for themselves is by teaching them to be metacognitive. This involves consciously thinking about how they think, such as questioning their assumptions and evaluating evidence.

Learning to Respect Different Cultures

Many of today’s classrooms include students from various cultural backgrounds. Children who learn to respect the uniqueness of others gain skills that can help them build relationships across differences. These social-emotional benefits can also translate to real-life learning experiences.

UNICEF works to ensure that every child has access to quality education, no matter where they live or what obstacles stand in their way. It does this by setting up temporary classrooms for children displaced by conflict or natural disasters, distributing books and other learning materials and training teachers.

Parents can help by making sure their children get enough sleep and have a healthy diet, so they’re ready to learn. They can also encourage their children to read for pleasure, either with them or on their own. Reading helps develop language skills and keeps the mind sharp. Moreover, it encourages a growth mindset and a love of learning.

Learning to Communicate with Others

Throughout their early years, kids will often work in groups on projects and collaborative activities. These experiences will help them learn to cooperate and respect one another, as well as communicate effectively with their peers.

Children are naturally inquisitive and curious about their world around them. It is important to be able to provide them with factual answers to their questions. This will help them develop a sense of belonging and authenticity.

It is also important to teach them to recognize nonverbal communication and empathy. Children need to be able to understand what others are saying through their body language and tone of voice.

In addition to providing them with a variety of literature, you should also include print materials in the learning environment on a daily basis. This will promote reading and literacy. Make sure to include magazines, newspapers, paperback and hardback books, children’s novels, graphic novels, and technology games like Apples to Apples.

Learning to Manage Your Expectations

In many cases, parents’ expectations can be a positive motivating force, encouraging children to work hard and excel in school. However, high expectations can also cause stress and anxiety if not handled properly.

Parents must learn how to set appropriate goals and manage their expectations for their children. For example, they should avoid setting academic or behavioral “non-negotiables.” These are behaviors that are outside of their child’s control, such as adhering to rules and maintaining respectful behavior. Instead, focus on inputs (effort and actions) rather than outputs.

In addition, parents should encourage their children to pursue activities and passions that interest them. They should also teach them how to cope with failure and disappointment by focusing on process versus outcome. This can help them learn to view their challenges as a natural part of the learning journey and develop perseverance in the face of obstacles. Lastly, they should also learn how to communicate openly and effectively with their children.

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Education support includes a variety of programs that help students succeed in school. These include supplemental educational services, tutoring, and scholarship programs. These services are available to students in K-12 and higher education. They also provide career counseling and advice.

Increasing teacher funding and benefits is one way to improve the quality of education. This will allow teachers to make more money and keep their families out of poverty.

Student success

Student success is an important metric for higher education institutions. It measures students’ academic achievements and development, professional preparedness, and sense of belonging. It also includes student satisfaction and well-being. A growing number of institutions are embracing this concept in an effort to improve their student outcomes.

There are many different metrics for measuring student success, but they all offer incomplete insights. To maximize their impact, they must be incorporated into a larger student success strategy that focuses on the whole institution.

These efforts include establishing a culture of inclusion and collaboration, gathering background information on students upon enrollment, and supporting them through their educational journey. These initiatives can help students find their strengths, overcome challenges, and build a foundation for lifelong success. They can also help them navigate the educational system and achieve their goals. This includes supporting students with disabilities, including autism and attention deficit disorder. These students may need a note taker, health care assistants, and academic personal assistants to assist with their daily activities.

School-based resources

School-based resources can be used to help students learn in ways that are more flexible and tailored to their needs. These resources can range from foreign language courses to coding skills. They can also help students stay engaged with the curriculum and reach their full potential. The best supplemental learning materials provide flexibility in time, setting, and content, and can align with the essential curriculum.

Schools can provide a variety of student supports to address students’ social, emotional, and behavioral needs. These can include Tier 2 practices and systems that target the early stages of problem behaviors. They can also support the transition to post-secondary experiences.

PSS provides free-access technical assistance (TA) for schools, districts, youth-serving organizations, higher education institutions, and state and local government agencies looking to implement or improve programs offering tutoring, mentoring, student success coaching, post-secondary transition coaching, or wraparound/integrated student support coordination. Check out the resources below to get started.

Community programs

Community programs provide education support through a variety of activities, including educational workshops and mentoring. They also teach valuable skills and job training that can help participants break the cycle of poverty. Moreover, they offer protection and empowerment by providing safe environments in which children can thrive. Additionally, they can assist with addressing basic needs such as food and water security.

Community schools replace the fragmented social services gauntlet that many students and families must navigate by bringing community partners into school buildings to deliver integrated student supports, expanded learning opportunities, family engagement practices, and collaborative leadership structures. In addition to the specialized wraparound services provided by community schools, county-level support for these efforts is critical.

In California, for example, the Boards of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) coordinate regional services through their network of “educator-centric” community school districts. This page from the state Department of Education compiles resources for community schools, including links to examples of best practices.

Online platforms

Online education platforms help teachers and students stay focused on learning by eliminating distractions. They also offer technical support to ensure that issues are resolved promptly, resulting in more productive and positive educational experiences for both faculty and students.

Many students and working professionals use these platforms to improve their credentials and enhance their skills, especially in specialized industries. The platform also allows them to study at their own pace and in a place that is most convenient for them. Many of these lecture courses also lead to certificates of completion.

The most popular education platforms in the market include Moodle, Canvas, and Blackboard. These platforms provide effective communication tools to keep students updated on course assignments, deadlines, and grading systems. They also allow educators to monitor student progress and make adjustments accordingly. They also facilitate virtual classrooms that can help instructors and students collaborate in real time. These social networking features are particularly useful for disadvantaged students and those with special needs.

Schools are the places where children learn. They usually take up large areas of land and contain many rooms. These schools can be private or public.

Going to school allows students to be around hundreds of people their own age. This helps them develop social skills that will help them in their future careers. It also teaches them how to solve problems.

Origins

Schools are a key institution in society. They teach children and shape their lives for the better. They are where they develop their skills and knowledge, which are essential for their career success. They also impart values and beliefs.

Education in ancient times often took place in family settings, and in the Middle Ages, cathedral schools taught religious studies alongside practical skills like arithmetic. In the United States, large-scale public education began in 1635 with the establishment of Boston Latin School. Today, schools are shaped by many different philosophies and beliefs.

Though all children can learn school subjectsno social class or skin color creates exceptionsthe vast majority of them are not eager for school. Despite the fact that learning is hard, it is a duty of schools to prepare their students for the real world. It is up to teachers to show parents and pupils that the effort they put into learning will pay off in their careers.

Functions

Schools provide a socialization environment where students learn how to navigate their societal roles and prepare for adult life. They offer a wide range of academic subjects, extracurricular activities, and practical training. They also serve as anchor institutions in the local community. The functioning of schools is shaped by both formal structures (like curricula, timetables, and policies) and informal ones (like teacher-student relationships and school culture).

Functionalist theory views education as one of the most important social institutions in society. This theory identifies manifest and latent functions of schools. Manifest functions are intended by the social system, while latent functions are hidden and less obvious.

The manifest function of schools is to teach students academic knowledge. They can then use this knowledge to obtain jobs and improve their economic status. This function ties closely with the human capital theory, which suggests that a person’s skills and education are forms of economic capital. It is also linked to the social mobility concept, which encourages people to move up the socioeconomic ladder.

Structures

A school’s structures are defined by the roles and responsibilities of different members of the school community. These include administrators, licensed and unlicensed support staff, and teachers. The school’s structure impacts the quality of education provided and its overall functioning. The structure is also shaped by the organizational theory used to guide its operations, such as Henri Fayol’s Administrative Theory.

School structures are categorized along a continuum from hindering to enabling. The prototype for a hindering school structure is one that uses hierarchy and a system of rules and regulations to coerce teachers to comply with administrative directives. This model hinders the effectiveness of teachers and reduces their autonomy.

Enabling school structures use a more flexible hierarchy and a system of rules to allow teachers to collaborate cooperatively with each other. They also promote teacher self-efficacy, and the role of the school as a society in miniature. These factors contribute to a positive learning environment that prepares children for the future.

Teaching methods

A school’s teaching methods determine the overall quality of its learning experience. Different teaching techniques offer a range of benefits, including increasing student engagement and encouraging long-term learning. Experimenting with various teaching methods allows educators to find the styles that work best for their students and classrooms. They also can consult more advanced professionals to gain inspiration and improve their own classroom management skills.

Modern teaching methods focus on student interaction and collaborative learning. These techniques prioritize a student-centric approach to education, making it easier for students to learn and adapt to their needs. Moreover, these methods integrate innovative technologies and teaching tools to create a more engaging and practical learning environment. However, these approaches require more time and effort from teachers. They also may not be suitable for all students. This is especially true for projects and problem-based learning. In addition, these methods can be difficult to implement in low-income areas. Despite the challenges, these methods can be very effective in developing critical thinking, leadership skills and other key competencies.

Children learn to follow a schedule, work together, and develop their language and thinking (cognitive) skills in kindergarten. High-quality kindergarten programs also encourage family involvement and help children develop a sense of school community.

Kindergarten activities can help children develop physical skills, like learning to use their fingers and hands. They might also learn the basics of science, such as observing and describing objects and learning basic shapes.

Social and Emotional Development

Children need a whole set of skills to learn, not just their ABCs and 123s. That includes social-emotional development, or the ability to get along with others and manage their emotions. Children who have healthy SEL are more likely to focus on learning, and they’re also more motivated and less reactive.

Children in kindergarten need to be able to share toys and materials, solve problems, and work well with their peers in group learning. That’s why it’s so important for teachers to provide opportunities for play, exploration, and interaction with classmates.

To help your child develop these skills, read together books with interesting characters and storylines. Then role-play situations like inviting friends to join a game or resolving disagreements with siblings. Teaching children to empathize with the feelings of their friends and neighbors can help them form friendships, avoid conflict, and cooperate in class. Tracking their kindness through a “Kindness Chart” can encourage positive behavior and improve academic outcomes.

Physical Development

Physical development involves the advancements and refinements of motor skills, which allow children to explore their environment more fully. It is also essential for cognitive development. For example, when children learn to throw and catch a ball with accuracy, it helps them develop their sense of balance and coordination.

During this stage, children also refine their fine motor skills by developing finger dexterity and hand-eye coordination. They also build and strengthen their muscles by participating in group activities that require coordination and teamwork, such as games and dance.

Each child’s physical growth is influenced by their unique combination of genetics, prenatal factors, and environmental conditions. When you understand the typical developmental milestones for the ages your program serves, it’s easier to identify and meet their individual needs.

Language and Literacy Development

A child’s oral language and literacy development provide the foundation for reading abilities and school success. Children’s early experiences in these areas are influenced by family, culture and caregivers.

Research has shown that a child’s vocabulary is a strong predictor of their later reading skills. Having a large vocabulary allows a young child to communicate more effectively and comprehend what they read, write and hear.

Kindergarten teachers help children develop a love for storytelling and expanding their vocabulary. They also nurture learning opportunities for children to explore the world around them geographically, scientifically, socially and culturally.

Kindergartners need well-rounded learning opportunities, enabling state and local policies, appropriate classroom resources, and supportive environments to thrive. New America has launched work to elevate the most important research findings in kindergarten instruction and environments, identify bright spots, and promote state and local policies that create these conditions.

Cognitive Development

Cognitive development consists of changes in the way children think and remember information. The development of these skills, such as logic and reasoning, memory and working memory, attention and inhibitory control, is influenced by both the genes children are born with and their experiences outside the womb.

One of the most well-known perspectives on cognitive development is Piaget’s theory of cognitive stages. He theorized that infants process new experiences by balancing assimilation, or fitting novel information into existing mental schemas, and accommodation, or adjusting those mental schemas to account for the new experience.

To illustrate the point, he once placed a mask of a fierce dog on Maynard, his cat, and then asked 3- to 6-year-olds whether they recognized Maynard as a cat. Most identified the animal correctly, but some did not. This is an example of how children’s thinking can change dramatically within a short period. Children’s ability to reason abstractly and scientifically develops during the final stage of cognitive development, also known as the formal operational stage.

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Reading intervention involves intensive instruction to accelerate students’ growth toward grade level reading proficiency. It is supplemental to core reading instruction and typically taught in small groups.

At home, practice phonological awareness with your children through interactive language games and activities. Encourage them to read aloud, emphasizing pronunciation and fluency. Teach vocabulary and introduce a word of the day.

Phonics

Phonics is the foundation of reading instruction. It’s the one thing that dyslexia specialists recommend for all students.

Research on phonics instruction has shown positive effects for both disabled and low-achieving students who are not disabled, especially in teaching decoding skills. Systematic synthetic phonics instruction had a stronger impact on alphabetic knowledge and word reading than did a less focused, more visual approach to teaching the letters of the alphabet.

It’s important to teach phonics in a multisensory manner. Even writing a letter in the air and sounding out the sounds as you do so counts as multisensory learning. In addition to phonics instruction, students should be practicing their spelling and vocabulary development using connected grade level texts. When students have the decoding skills necessary to read unfamiliar text, any passage becomes accessible. This empowers them to take their learning to the next level. Getting there is a big step, and takes time. But it’s a step worth taking!

Fluency

Fluency is reading smoothly, accurately, and with expression. Research shows that fluent readers comprehend better than struggling readers. To become fluent, children need to practice decoding, develop vocabulary, and read extensively in a variety of materials.

Explicitly teaching developing readers how to read fluently is one of the most powerful and effective interventions we can offer. In this video, learn how to plan and deliver a comprehensive reading fluency intervention that provides explicit instruction in the areas of phonological awareness, decoding, spelling, and vocabulary.

The first step in this reading fluency intervention is to establish a baseline with a simple fluency screener (covert timing) that determines how many words they can read correctly in a minute. From there, students engage in several activities that help them build word-level fluency and paragraph-level fluency. These activities include paired repeated reading, group reading with a model, and peer-mediated guided repeated reading. Using these strategies helps students improve their reading speed, accuracy, and expression.

Comprehension

Comprehension is a series of cognitive processes that helps readers extract meaning from texts. Unlike decoding and fluency, comprehension requires the reader to understand the meaning of words and to link new information to prior knowledge.

It is important to teach comprehension strategies in addition to helping students develop phonics and fluency. These skills will help students better understand the text and make inferences.

Developing comprehension skills often involves social and imitation learning. Teachers model strategies for students through think-alouds and provide opportunities for guided practice. Teachers also provide quality feedback and gradual release of responsibility to students as students become proficient with the strategies.

Teachers can support students by implementing a number of comprehension strategies, including questioning, visualizing, monitoring/clarifying, inferring, and summarizing. Additionally, teachers can encourage comprehension by exposing students to grade level texts that are appropriately challenging. They should also break larger pieces of informational text into manageable sections. Additionally, building morphological awareness by teaching prefixes and suffixes can help students pull apart and define unfamiliar words that do not follow traditional patterns.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary is the toolbox students use to unlock the meaning of what they read. It includes both receptive and productive vocabulary, the latter defined as words that one knows or recognizes in a context and whose general and intended meanings are known.

The research is clear: Without explicit vocabulary instruction, struggling students will struggle to comprehend what they read. Students from disadvantaged homes arrive in school with oral vocabularies that are several times smaller than those of their peers, and this gap widens throughout the years.

Clinicians should consider ways to boost student attention and awareness of vocabulary. One strategy is to incorporate vocabulary lessons that correlate with other subjects, such as science and social studies. Another approach is to encourage teachers and clinicians to talk about the target words in their interaction with students, for example, by asking students to explain concepts that they encounter in texts or other classroom activities. Another opportunity is to focus on morphological awareness, teaching students the different elements that make up words (prefixes, suffixes, and roots). This knowledge will help students better understand how new words are formed.